Back to basic (Mitochondria)

Hi guys!! Thank you for coming back!
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So have you pondered over the question I asked you in the previous post or you still have no clues of what am I talking about?? No need to worry because today we are going BACK TO THE BASIC OF MITOCHONDRIA!!


Mitochondria
Mitochondria is an organelle in the cell and is often refer as the powerhouse of the cell. They are refer as the powerhouse because they generate energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) to allow our cells to carry out cellular metabolism. For example, our brain cells need to transport signals to other cells in different part of the body and they need energy to transport those signals to the respective cells.

Here a diagram of how the mitochondria looks: 
http://www.ccwcs.org/content/mitochondrial-biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology

So how does mitochondria generate ATP?? Mitochondria use the Electron transport chain(ETC) generate ATP. The process of ATP generation through the ETC is call Oxidative Phosphorylation.
 http://mattressessale.eu/tag/electron-transport-chain

Oxidative Phosphorylation occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria. There are three electron pumps complexes involve, Complex I(NADH dehydrogenase), Complex III(Cytochrome bc1 complex), Complex IV(Cytochrome Oxidase), one 'funnel' Complex II(Succinate dehydrogenase), two electron carriers, Ubiquinone and Cytochrome-C and Complex V(ATP Synthase) which work together to oxidize NADH and FADH₂. NADH and FADH₂ are the byproducts of Glycolysis and Kreb cycle.

Steps in Oxidative Phosphorylation 
1. Complex I- Removes electrons from NADH and the electrons are transfer to ubiquinone(UQ) forming UQH2. During this step, NADH is oxidize to become NAD+. 4 Proton ions(H+ ions) is pump from the mitochondria matrix into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

2.Next, the Complex II will transport electrons from FADH₂ to be transfer to the ubiquinone

3.Complex III will then transport electrons from the UQH2  to Cytochrome C. Complex III will also pumps H+ ions from the mitochondria matrix into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. 

4.Cytochrome C will then transport electrons to Complex IV. At Complex IV, oxygen will take in electrons as final electron acceptor. 1 molecule of H20 will be formed when 2 electrons are transferred from the Cytochrome C to 1 molecule of oxygen.

5.Lastly, for each cycle of oxidative phosphorylation, 30 ATP will be generated. 

Here a video on ETC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw#t=159



So now do you have a better understanding on what is mitochondria and it function?? We hope that you have learned something.







 This has nothing to do with mitochondria disease







However, mitochondria is a more complex organelle than you think. There are still other functions that mitochondria have. If you want to know more about it, please continue to read our blog okay!!
If you have any questions or comment, feel free to post them.

References:
http://www.newcastle-mitochondria.com/mitochondria/what-do-mitochondria-do/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw#t=159
http://www.ccwcs.org/content/mitochondrial-biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology